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Processed meat is considered to be any that has been in order to either improve its taste or to extend its . Methods of include salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, and the addition of chemical . Processed meat is frequently made from or , but also and others. It can contain such as .

(2025). 9781845694661, Woodhead Publishing. .
Processed meat products include , , , , , , , , , , and meat-based sauces. Meat processing includes all the processes that change fresh meat, with the exception of simple mechanical processes such as cutting, grinding or mixing.
(2012). 9789401096928, Springer Science & Business Media. .
Introduction [1]

Meat processing began as soon as people realized that cooking and salting helps to preserve fresh meat. It is not known when this took place; however, the process of salting and sun-drying was recorded in Ancient Egypt, while using ice and snow is credited to early Romans, and was developed by who in 1810 received a prize for his invention from the French government. Medical health organizations advise people to limit processed meat consumption as it increases risk of some forms of , "Does eating processed and red meat cause cancer?". cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 30 January 2024. cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease.


Definition
The American Institute for Cancer Research and World Cancer Research Fund define processed meat as "meat preserved by smoking, curing or salting, or addition of chemical preservatives".

The Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences defined processed meat as "any meat preserved by smoking, curing, or salting, or with the addition of chemical preservatives; examples include bacon, salami, sausages, hot dogs or processed deli, or luncheon meats".

(2025). 9780123847348, Academic Press.


Preservatives
and found in processed meats can be converted by the human body into that can be carcinogenic, causing mutation in the colorectal cell line, thereby causing and eventually leading to cancer. Processed meat is more carcinogenic compared to unprocessed red meat because of the abundance of potent nitrosyl-heme molecules that form compounds.

A principal concern about sodium nitrite is /, the formation of carcinogenic -compounds in meats containing sodium nitrite or potassium nitrate, especially (). In addition to nitrosyl-haem, carcinogenic can be formed from the reaction of with secondary under acidic conditions (such as occurs in the human stomach) as well as during the curing process used to preserve meats.

and nitrite are consumed from plant foods as well as animal foods, with 80% of a typical person's nitrate consumption coming from vegetables, especially and such as and . Some nitrate is converted to nitrite in the human body. Nitrate and nitrite are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and are not directly carcinogenic. Yet, when nitrate or nitrite interact with certain components in meat, such as heme iron, amines, and amides, they can form compounds, which may contribute to the association between consumption of processed meats and higher incidence of colorectal cancer.


Health effects
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) classifies processed meat as Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans), because the IARC has found sufficient evidence that consumption of processed meat by humans causes colorectal cancer.

A 2016 report by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund found that processed meat consumption also increases the risk of .

In 2020, the American Cancer Society stated that "it is not known if there is a safe level of consumption for either red or processed meats. In the absence of such knowledge, while recognizing that the amount of increased risk isn't certain, the ACS recommends choosing protein foods such as fish, poultry, and beans more often than red meat, and for people who eat processed meat products to do so sparingly, if at all."

Reviews of studies have also found that processed meat consumption is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, , , , and type-2 diabetes.

A systematic review and of 148 published articles was carried out on studies of the consumption of red meat and processed meat in relation to cancer incidence. Processed meat consumption was significantly correlated with a 6% greater risk of breast cancer, an 18% greater risk of colorectal cancer, a 21% greater risk of colon cancer, a 22% greater risk of rectal cancer and a 12% greater risk of lung cancer


Further reading
  • Horowitz, Roger. Putting Meat on the American Table. Taste, Technology, Transformation. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.


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